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Swedish diplomat (1895–1945)

Count of Wisborg

Folke Bernadotte
Count of Wisborg
Folke-Bernadotte.jpg

Bernadotte in the mid 1940s
Born (1895-01-02)two January 1895
Stockholm, Sweden
Died 17 September 1948(1948-09-17) (aged 53)
Jerusalem
Burying

Northern Cemetery, Solna
Spouse

Estelle Romaine Manville

​

​

(m. 1928)​
Consequence
  • Count Gustaf Eduard
  • Count Folke
  • Count Fredrik Oscar
  • Count Bertil Oscar
House Bernadotte
Father Prince Oscar Bernadotte
Mother Ebba Munck af Fulkila

Folke Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg (2 January 1895 – 17 September 1948) was a Swedish nobleman and diplomat. In Earth War II he negotiated the release of about 31,000 prisoners from German concentration camps, including 450 Danish Jews from the Theresienstadt military camp. They were released on 14 April 1945.[i] [ii] [iii] In 1945 he received a German language surrender offer from Heinrich Himmler, though the offering was ultimately rejected.

After the war, Bernadotte was unanimously called to be the Un Security Quango mediator in the Arab–Israeli conflict of 1947–1948. He was assassinated in Jerusalem in 1948 past the paramilitary Zionist group Lehi while pursuing his official duties. Upon his decease, Ralph Bunche took up his work at the UN, successfully mediating the 1949 Ceasefire Agreements betwixt Israel and Egypt.

Early life

Folke Bernadotte was born in Stockholm into the House of Bernadotte, the Swedish royal family. His father, Prince Oscar Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg (formerly Prince Oscar of Sweden, Knuckles of Gotland), was the second son of King Oscar 2 of Sweden; his mother, Ebba Munck af Fulkila, had been a lady in waiting to Victoria of Baden, the wife of Crown Prince Gustaf. Oscar had married Ebba without the consent of the Rex, and and then was forced to renounce his Swedish titles; in 1892, he was granted the titles of Prince Bernadotte and Count of Wisborg by his uncle, Adolphe, 1000 Duke of Luxembourg.[4] [5]

Bernadotte attended school in Stockholm, after which he entered training to become a cavalry officeholder at the Imperial Military Academy. He took the officer's test in 1915, was commissioned a lieutenant in 1918, and subsequently was promoted to the rank of major.

Bernadotte represented Sweden in 1933 at the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition, and later served as Swedish commissioner general at the New York Earth'southward Fair in 1939–40. Bernadotte had long been involved with the Swedish Boy Scouts (Sveriges Scoutförbund), and took over as director of the organization in 1937. At the outbreak of World War Two, Bernadotte worked to integrate the scouts into Sweden's defence force plan, grooming them in anti-aircraft work and every bit medical administration. Bernadotte was appointed Vice Chairman of the Swedish Red Cross in 1943.[6]

Diplomatic career

Globe War II

Count Folke Bernadotte (left) talking to Australian prisoners of war in Sweden during a prisoners commutation, 1943

During the autumns of 1943 and 1944, he organized prisoner exchanges which brought dwelling 11,000 prisoners from Federal republic of germany via Sweden. While Vice-President of the Swedish Red Cross in 1945, Bernadotte attempted to negotiate an ceasefire between Germany and the Allies. He also led several rescue missions in Frg for the Red Cross. In April 1945, Heinrich Himmler asked Bernadotte to convey a peace proposal to Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Harry S. Truman without the noesis of Adolf Hitler. The principal betoken of the proposal was that Germany would surrender just to the Western Allies (the United kingdom and the U.s.a.), merely would exist allowed to keep resisting the Soviet Union. According to Bernadotte, he told Himmler that the proposal had no hazard of acceptance, but nevertheless he passed it on to the Swedish government and the Western Allies. It had no lasting upshot.[7] [8]

White Buses

A White Bus passes through Odense, Kingdom of denmark, 17 April 1945

Upon the initiative of the Norwegian diplomat Niels Christian Ditleff in the terminal months of the war, Bernadotte acted as the negotiator for a rescue operation transporting interned Norwegians, Danes and other western European inmates from German language concentration camps to hospitals in Sweden.

In the leap of 1945, Bernadotte was in Germany when he met Heinrich Himmler, who was briefly appointed commander of an entire German army following the assassination attempt on Hitler the twelvemonth before. Bernadotte had originally been assigned to recall Norwegian and Danish POWs in Germany. He returned on 1 May 1945, the day subsequently Hitler's death. Following an interview, the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet wrote that Bernadotte succeeded in rescuing 15,000 people from German concentration camps, including well-nigh 8,000 Danes and Norwegians and vii,000 women of French, Polish, Czech, British, American, Argentinian, and Chinese nationalities. The missions took effectually two months, and exposed the Swedish Red Cross staff to significant danger, both due to political difficulties and by taking them through areas under Centrolineal bombing.

The mission became known for its buses, painted entirely white except for the Red Cross keepsake on the side, and then that they would not exist mistaken for armed services targets. In total it included 308 personnel (about 20 medics and the rest volunteer soldiers), 36 hospital buses, xix trucks, seven passenger cars, seven motorcycles, a tow truck, a field kitchen, and total supplies for the entire trip, including food and gasoline, none of which was permitted to be obtained in Germany. A count of 21,000 people rescued included eight,000 Danes and Norwegians, five,911 Poles, 2,629 French, one,615 Jews, and one,124 Germans.

Subsequently Deutschland'southward surrender, the White Buses mission continued in May and June and well-nigh x,000 additional liberated prisoners were thus evacuated.

Bernadotte recounted the White Buses mission in his book The End. My Humanitarian Negotiations in Germany in 1945 and Their Political Consequences, published on June 15, 1945 in Swedish.[ix]

Felix Kersten and the White Buses controversy

Post-obit the war, some controversies arose regarding Bernadotte's leadership of the White Buses trek, some personal and some equally to the mission itself. One aspect involved a long-continuing feud between Bernadotte and Himmler's personal masseur, Felix Kersten, who had played some office in facilitating Bernadotte'southward admission to Himmler,[10] just whom Bernadotte resisted crediting afterward the war.[xi] The resulting feud betwixt Bernadotte and Kersten came to public attention through British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper.[12] In 1953, Trevor-Roper published an article based on an interview and documents originating with Kersten.[13] The article stated that Bernadotte'south role in the rescue operations was that of "transport officer, no more than". Kersten was quoted as saying that, according to Himmler, Bernadotte was opposed to the rescue of Jews and understood "the necessity of our fight against World Jewry".

Shortly following the publication of his article, Trevor-Roper began to retreat from these charges. At the time of his commodity, Kersten had just been nominated by the Dutch government for the Nobel Peace Prize for thwarting a Nazi plan to deport the entire Dutch population, based primarily on Kersten'south own claims to this effect.[xiv] A later investigation by Dutch historian Louis de Jong concluded that no such plan had existed, however, and that Kersten's documents were partly fabricated.[fifteen] Following these revelations and others, Trevor-Roper told journalist Barbara Amiel in 1995 that he was no longer certain near the allegations, and that Bernadotte may merely have been following his orders to rescue Danish and Norwegian prisoners.[xvi] A number of other historians have also questioned Kersten'southward business relationship, last that the accusations were based on a forgery or a baloney devised by Kersten.[17] [xviii]

Some controversy regarding the White Buses trip has also arisen in Scandinavia, peculiarly regarding the priority given to Scandinavian prisoners.[xix] Political scientist Sune Persson judged these doubts to be contradicted past the documentary evidence. He concluded, "The accusations against Count Bernadotte ... to the effect that he refused to save Jews from the concentration camps are obvious lies" and listed many prominent eyewitnesses who testified on Bernadotte's behalf, including the World Jewish Congress representative in Stockholm in 1945.[20]

UN mediator

On 20 May 1948, Folke Bernadotte was appointed "United Nations Mediator in Palestine", in accordance with UN-resolution 186 of fourteen May 1948.[21] Information technology was the offset official mediation in the UN's history. This was necessitated by the immediate violence that followed the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the subsequent unilateral Israeli Declaration of Independence. In this capacity, he succeeded in achieving an initial truce during the subsequent 1948 Arab–Israeli War and laid the groundwork for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the About Due east. The specific proposals showed the influence of the previously responsible British government, and to a lesser extent the U.South. authorities.[22] Bernadotte wrote that: "in putting forward whatsoever proposal for the solution of the Palestine problem, one must bear in mind the aspirations of the Jews, the political difficulties and differences of stance of the Arab leaders, the strategic interests of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, the financial commitment of the Us and the Soviet Union, the event of the war, and finally the authority and prestige of the United Nations."[23]

After Bernadotte'due south assassination, his assistant American mediator Ralph Bunche was appointed to replace him. Bunche somewhen negotiated a armistice, signed on the Greek isle of Rhodes. See 1949 Ceasefire Agreements.

Assassination

Bernadotte was assassinated on Fri 17 September 1948 past members of the grouping Lehi, a Zionist terrorist organization, commonly known in the West as the Stern Gang. Immediately after Bernadotte was pronounced dead, his body was moved to the YMCA, afterward which it was taken to Haifa and flown dorsum to Sweden. Bernadotte was granted a country funeral, Abba Eban attended on behalf of Israel. Bernadotte was survived past a widow and two sons, a 12-twelvemonth-old and a 17-year-sometime. He was buried in Prince Oscar Bernadotte'southward family tomb at the Northern Cemetery in Stockholm.[24]

Planning and background

The Stern Gang saw Bernadotte equally a stooge of the British and the Arabs and therefore a serious threat to the emerging State of israel.[25] Most immediately, a truce was in forcefulness, and Lehi feared that the Israeli leadership would agree to Bernadotte's peace proposals, which they considered disastrous.[26] [27] They were unaware the Israeli government had already decided to reject Bernadotte'south program and to take the military option.[28] [29]

The killing was approved by the three-man 'center' of Lehi: Yitzhak Yezernitsky (the future Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Shamir), Nathan Friedmann (too called Natan Yellin-Mor) and Yisrael Eldad (also known as Scheib). A fourth leader, Emmanuel Strassberg (Hanegbi) was too suspected by the Israeli Prime Government minister David Ben-Gurion of being function of the group that ordered the assassination.[30] [31] [32] [33] The assassination was planned by Lehi's Jerusalem operations chief, Yehoshua Zettler.[34]

The attack

A four-man squad, consisting of Yehoshua Cohen, Yitzhak Ben-Moshe (Markovitz), Avraham Steinberg, and Meshulam Makover, ambushed Bernadotte's motorcade in Jerusalem'south Katamon neighborhood. The team left a Lehi base in a Jeep and gear up a makeshift roadblock at Ben Zion Guini Foursquare, off Hapalmach Street, and waited in the jeep. When Bernadotte'southward motorcade approached, Cohen, Ben-Moshe, and Steinberg got out and approached it, while Makover, the driver, remained in the jeep. Captain Moshe Hillman, the motorcade'south Israeli liaison officer, who was sitting in the leading United nations vehicle, called out in Hebrew to let them through, but was ignored. Cohen came upwards to Bernadotte'southward sedan and fired through an open window, pumping half dozen shots into Bernadotte'south chest, pharynx and arms and 18 into Colonel André Serot who was seated to his left, killing both.[35] Serot had swapped places in the motorcade to bring together Bernadotte and thank him personally for having saved his wife's life in a German concentration camp.[35] Ben-Moshe and Steinberg shot at the tires of the UN vehicles, while Cohen finished the magazine by firing at the radiator. The driver of the sedan, Colonel Begley, got out and tried to grapple with Cohen as he fired his last shots, but was burned in the face by the gun flashes. Ben-Moshe and Steinberg then rushed back and mounted the jeep, which rapidly accelerated downward a side road, while Cohen ran away from the scene across a roadside field.[34] [36] [37] [38]

Following the shooting, Bernadotte's automobile sped to Hadassah Mount Scopus Hospital, despite harm to the radiator; the lead vehicle followed as its tires came apart. At the infirmary, Bernadotte was pronounced expressionless. General Åge Lundström, who was in the United nations vehicle, described the incident equally follows:

In the Katamon quarter, nosotros were held upward by a Jewish Regular army type jeep placed in a road cake and filled with men in Jewish Army uniforms. At the aforementioned moment, I saw an armed human being coming from this jeep. I took little notice of this considering I merely thought it was another checkpoint. However, he put a Tommy gun through the open window on my side of the auto, and fired signal blank at Count Bernadotte and Colonel Serot. I as well heard shots fired from other points, and at that place was considerable defoliation... Colonel Serot fell in the seat in back of me, and I saw at once that he was expressionless. Count Bernadotte bent forwards, and I thought at the time he was trying to get cover. I asked him: 'Are y'all wounded?' He nodded, and fell back.... When nosotros arrived [at the Hadassah hospital]... I carried the Count inside and laid him on the bed.... I took off the Count's jacket and tore away his shirt and undervest. I saw that he was wounded around the heart and that at that place was also a considerable quantity of blood on his clothes most it. When the doctor arrived, I asked if anything could exist done, but he replied that information technology was besides late.[39]

All iv members of the hitting team fabricated it to the religious community of Shaarei Pina, where they hid with local Haredi sympathizers. After a few days in hiding, they fled to Tel Aviv in the dorsum of a piece of furniture truck.[xl]

Investigation

Lehi leaders initially denied responsibility for the attack.[41] Only later did Lehi have responsibility for the killings in the proper name of Hazit Hamoledet (the Homeland Front), a proper noun they copied from a war-time Bulgarian resistance group.[42]

Lehi was forcibly disarmed and many members were arrested, only nobody was charged with the killings. The State of israel Constabulary, along with the military constabulary and security services, investigated the assassination, simply failed to identify any of the participants in the assassination, and the case was somewhen closed without any of the participants having been identified. It has been suggested that the reasons for the failure of the investigation were poor coordination betwixt these bodies, which resulted in information that may have assisted the police not beingness turned over to them, and the lack of proficiency amidst constabulary officers and investigators in the early days of the Israel Police.[43] The murder case was identified as 148/48 in Israeli police force records.[44]

Nathan Yellin-Mor (eye) and Matityahu Shmueliwitz in front end of the Acre prison, later their release in 1949

Yellin-Mor and some other Lehi fellow member, Mattityahu Shmulevitz, were charged with belonging to a terrorist organization. They were found guilty but immediately released and pardoned. Yellin-Mor had meanwhile been elected to the first Knesset.[45] Betty Knut-Lazarus, a Lehi militant, and the granddaughter of composer Alexander Scriabin, was besides imprisoned for being allegedly involved in the killing, before being subsequently released.[46]

Years later, Cohen'south part was uncovered by David Ben-Gurion'south biographer Michael Bar Zohar, while Cohen was working as Ben-Gurion's personal bodyguard. The first public admission of Lehi'due south role in the killing was made on the anniversary of the assassination in 1977.[47] The statute of limitations for the murder had expired in 1971.[32] [48] In 1988, two years after Cohen's death, Zettler and Makover publicly confessed their role in the bump-off and confirmed that Cohen had killed Bernadotte.[44]

The weapon which was used in the assassination (an MP twoscore, series number 2581)[44] was lost, and was but establish again in 2018 during an inventory check in the Heritage house of the Israel Police, when an unidentified box was found to incorporate an MP twoscore automobile pistol and the curator, Shlomi Shitrit, decided to place the history of the weapon. Prior to finding it, information technology was believed to have been destroyed.[44]

Diplomatic fallout

The solar day after the murders, the Un Security Council condemned the killing of Bernadotte as "a cowardly act which appears to have been committed by a criminal group of terrorists in Jerusalem while the United nations representative was fulfilling his peace-seeking mission in the Holy Land."[49]

The Swedish regime believed that Bernadotte had been assassinated by Israeli regime agents.[l] They publicly attacked the inadequacy of the Israeli investigation, and campaigned unsuccessfully to delay State of israel's admission to the Un.[51] In 1950, Sweden recognized Israel, but relations remained frosty despite Israeli attempts to mollify Sweden, such as through the planting of a Bernadotte Forest by the Jewish National Fund in Israel.[52] At a anniversary in Tel Aviv in May 1995, attended by the Swedish deputy prime number minister, Israeli Foreign Government minister and Labor Political party member Shimon Peres issued a "condemnation of terror, thanks for the rescue of the Jews and regret that Bernadotte was murdered in a terrorist way", adding that "We hope this anniversary volition help in healing the wound."[53]

Ralph Bunche, Bernadotte's American deputy, succeeded him as U.North. mediator. Bunche was successful in bringing nearly the signing of the 1949 Ceasefire Agreements, for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize.

Awards and memorials

Folke Bernadotte Memorial in Kruså, Kingdom of denmark

In 1998, Bernadotte was posthumously awarded 1 of the first three Dag Hammarskjöld Medals, given to UN peacekeepers who are killed in the line of duty.[54]

Folke Bernadotte Memorial in Uppsala, Sweden

The university library at Gustavus Adolphus Higher in St. Peter, Minnesota, US is named after him.

Married woman and children

In 1928 in Pleasantville, New York,[55] Folke Bernadotte married Estelle Romaine Manville (1904–1984), whose family had founded part of the Johns-Manville Corporation. They had iv sons, two of whom died in childhood.

  • Count Gustaf Eduard Bernadotte of Wisborg (1930–1936)
  • Count Folke Bernadotte of Wisborg (built-in 1931), married Christine Glahns
  • Count Fredrik Oscar Bernadotte of Wisborg (1934–1944)
  • Count Bertil Oscar Bernadotte of Wisborg (built-in 1935) married Rose-Marie Heering (1942–1967) and Jill Georgina Rhodes-Maddox

7 grandchildren were all born later on Folke Bernadotte's death. His widow Estelle Bernadotte remarried in 1973.

In September 2008, it became official that earlier his marriage Bernadotte had a girl with actress Lillie Ericson-Udde (Lillie Christina Ericson, 1892–1981):[56]

  • Jeanne Birgitta Sofia Kristina Matthiessen, née Ericson (1921–1991), who was adopted by Carl Thousand. W. Matthiessen (1886–1951) when he married Lillie Ericson in 1925.

Books

  • Bernadotte, Folke (1945). The Drapery Falls. Translated by Count Eric Lewenhaupt. New York: A. A. Knopf. LCCN 45008956. (Swedish title: Slutet.)
  • Bernadotte, Folke (1948). Instead of artillery: autobiographical notes. Stockholm; New York: Bonniers. ISBN978-one-125-28453-7.
  • Bernadotte, Folke (1947). Människor jag mött [People I Met] (in Swedish). Stockholm: A. Bonnier.
  • Bernadotte, Folke (1976) [1951]. To Jerusalem. Translated by Joan Bulman. Westport, Connecticut: Hyperion Press.

See also

  • Raoul Wallenberg

References

Citations

  1. ^ A Jew talks to Himmler Archived 2011-03-21 at the Wayback Auto Frank Fox. Accessed: 1 December 2009.
  2. ^ Macintyre, Donald (2008-09-18). "Israel'southward forgotten hero: The assassination of Count Bernadotte – and the death of peace". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2008-12-11 .
  3. ^ Sune Persson, Folke Bernadotte and the White Buses, Journal of Holocaust Instruction, Vol nine, Iss 2–three, 2000, 237–268. Likewise published in David Cesarani and Paul A. Levine (eds.), Bystanders to the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation (Routledge, 2002). The precise number is nowhere officially recorded. A count of the kickoff 21,000 included 8,000 Danes and Norwegians, 5,911 Poles, two,629 French, i,615 stateless Jews and 1,124 Germans. The total number of Jews was vi,500 to xi,000 depending on definitions. Also meet A. Ilan, Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 (Macmillan, 1989), p. 37.
  4. ^ original decree
  5. ^ Documentation past Government of Luxembourg 1892-04-02
  6. ^ Jewish Virtual Library, Folke Bernadotte Biography. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
  7. ^ F. Bernadotte, The fall of the curtain : last days of the Tertiary Reich, English Edition: Cassell 1945.
  8. ^ Ilan, pp. 36–38.
  9. ^ English translation: Folke Bernadotte (1945). The Mantle Falls: Concluding Days of the Third Reich. Translated by Count Eric Lewenhaups. Alfred A. Knopf.
  10. ^ Raymond Palmer. Felix Kersten and Count Bernadotte: A Question of Rescue, Periodical of Contemporary History, vol. 29 (1994) pp. 39–51. Yehuda Bauer, Jews for Sale? Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945. Yale University Press, 1994. pp. 241–149.
  11. ^ Palmer, pp. 46–48.
  12. ^ Amitzur Ilan. Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948, MacMillan 1989, p. 41.
  13. ^ H. R. Trevor-Roper. Kersten, Himmler and Count Bernadotte, The Atlantic, vol 7 (1953), pp. 43–45.
  14. ^ Trevor-Roper (1953).
  15. ^ Louis de Jong, 1972, reprinted in German translation: H-H. Wilhelm and L. de Jong. Zwei Legenden aus dem dritten Reich : quellenkritische Studien, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt 1974, pp. 79–142.
  16. ^ Trevor-Roper stated, "I am not certain that Bernadotte refused to take Jews. I have some reservations about the documentation here. If he did, it may well have been that he just had no instructions except in respect of Norwegians and Danes." Barbara Amiel. A Death in Jerusalem (volume review), The National Interest, Summer 1995. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-twenty. Retrieved 2007-01-07 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link); also see Ilan, p. 262, for earlier concessions by Trevor-Roper. See also H. R. Trevor-Roper. Introduction to Felix Kersten: The Kersten Memoirs 1940–1945, English Edition: Hutchinson 1956. Reprinted with minor changes in: H. R. Trevor-Roper. The Strange Case of Himmler's Physician, Commentary, vol. 23 (1957) pp. 356–364.
  17. ^ Ilan, pp. 43–45.
  18. ^ G. Fleming. Die Herkunft des 'Bernadotte-Briefs' an Himmler vom 10. März 1945, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, vol. 24, 1978, pp. 571–600.
  19. ^ Sune Persson, Folke Bernadotte and the White Buses, J. Holocaust Educational activity, Vol ix, Iss 2–3, 2000, 237–268. As well published in David Cesarani and Paul A. Levine (eds.), Bystanders to the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation Routledge, 2002.
  20. ^ Persson, p. 264.
  21. ^ UNGA@unispal, Resolution 186 (Southward-2). Appointment and terms of reference of a United Nations Mediator in Palestine Archived 2011-01-03 at the Wayback Machine (doc.nr. A/RES/186 (Southward-2)), 14 May 1948
  22. ^ Sachar, Howard M. (1998). "Chapter i: The Pangs of Withdrawal". Israel and Europe: An Appraisal in History. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN978-0-679-45434-two.
  23. ^ Diary of Folke Bernadotte, To Jerusalem, Hodder & Stoughton, 1951, pp. 114–115
  24. ^ Norra begravningsplatsen
  25. ^ Heller, pp, 239–255.
  26. ^ Heller, passim.
  27. ^ Ben-Yehuda, Nachman. Political Assassinations by Jews. SUNY Press 1993 ISBN 978-0-7914-1165-0, pp. 267–274.
  28. ^ Ilan, Amitzur. Bernadotte in Palestine. MacMillan 1989 ISBN 978-0-333-47274-3, pp. 200–201.
  29. ^ Shamir, loc. cit., p. 241.
  30. ^ A. Ilan, Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 (Macmillan, 1989) p. 194.
  31. ^ J. Bowyer Bell, Bump-off in International Politics, International Studies Quarterly, vol 16, March 1972, 59—82.
  32. ^ a b Haberman, Clyde (Feb 22, 1995). "Terrorism Tin Exist Just Another Point of View". Books of the Times. New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-28 . Mr. Shamir, nearly 80, still speaks elliptically well-nigh the Bernadotte assassination. Years later, when Ben-Gurion moved to a kibbutz in the Negev desert, Sdeh Bokker, one of his closest friends there was Yehoshua Cohen, who had been one of the assassins. Review of Kati Marton's biography.
  33. ^ {{cite news |commencement= Alan |last= Cowell |author-link= Alan Cowell |title= THE Eye EAST TALKS: REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK; Syria Offers Quondam Photo To Fill an Empty Chair
  34. ^ a b Kifner, John (12 September 1988). "2 Recount '48 Killing in Israel". The New York Times . Retrieved 2008-12-28 .
  35. ^ a b Donald Macintyre, 'Israel's forgotten hero: The assassination of Count Bernadotte - and the expiry of peace,' Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine The Contained 23 October 2011.
  36. ^ "A murder waiting to happen" volume review in Haaretz, 1 October 2006. Verified 23 October 2008.
  37. ^ Bell, Bowyer J.: Terror out of Zion (1976), p. 338–339
  38. ^ Bar Am, Aviva (Jan 25, 2010). "Katamon - Independence Solar day miracle". The Jerusalem Post.
  39. ^ Un Department of Public Data, General Lundstrom Gives Bystander Business relationship of Bernadotte'south Expiry Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Auto. 18 September 1948. Press Release, Doc.nr. PAL/298.
  40. ^ "The Bump-off of Count Bernadotte". world wide web.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2019-06-11 .
  41. ^ "Jews launch great manhunt". Spokane Daily Relate. 1945-09-18. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  42. ^ Heller, Joseph. The Stern Gang; Ideology, Politics and Terror 1940–1949. Frank Cass 1995 ISBN 978-0-7146-4106-5, pp. 252–253. For the text of the announcement, come across: Stanger, C.D. A haunting legacy: The bump-off of Count Bernadotte. Middle Due east Journal, vol. 42, 1988, pp 260–272.
  43. ^ "ההתנקשות הפוליטית הראשונה בישראל - מתווך האו"ם, הרוזן ברנדוט | Israel Defense". www.israeldefense.co.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2019-06-xi .
  44. ^ a b c d "תיק סגור: כלי הנשק שנמצא וחשף סוד עתיק של מדינת ישראל" (PDF). www.makorrishon.co.il. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 2019-07-11 .
  45. ^ Heller, pp. 261–270.
  46. ^ Lazaris, Five. (2000). Три женщины. Tel Aviv: Lado, pp. 363–368
  47. ^ Yair Amikam, Yediot Aharonot, 28 Feb 1977: interview with Yehoshua Zetler and Yisrael Eldad. English translation in Journal of Palestine Studies, vol six, no. 4 (1977) 145–147].
  48. ^ Ilan, p. 193.
  49. ^ Security Council 57 (1948) Resolution of 18 September 1948. Archived 18 January 2009 at the Wayback Car
  50. ^ Ilan, p. 224.
  51. ^ Ilan, p. 238.
  52. ^ Ilan, p. 241.
  53. ^ "State of israel belatedly condemns U.Due north. negotiator's murder" and "Israel tries to ease tensions with Sweden" (two articles), Reuters News, 15 May 1995. "Peres apologizes for assassination of Bernadotte," Jerusalem Mail service, xv May 1995, p. 1.
  54. ^ The First Dag Hammarskjöld Medals: Biographical Notes.
  55. ^ "Count today weds Estelle Manville: Union of Count Bernadotte and American to be first nupitals of Royalty on our soil," The New York Times, 1 Dec 1928, p. 12
  56. ^ "Bernadotte's unknown daughter" Fokus, 12 September 2008.

General sources

  • Kushner, Harvey W. (2002). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-7619-2408-1.
  • Marton, Kati (1994). A Expiry in Jerusalem. Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-679-42083-five.
  • Schwartz, Ted (1992). Walking with the Damned: The Shocking Murder of the Homo Who Freed thirty,000 Prisoners from the Nazis. New York: Paragon House. ISBN 978-one-55778-315-8.

Further reading

  • Ben-Dror, Elad (2015). Ralph Bunche and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Mediation and the United nations 1947–1949, Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-78988-iii.

External links

  • "M. Friedman: The road to freedom. An essay past survivor of the holocaust". From the Memory Projection, Us Holocaust Memorial Museum
  • Yehoshua Zettler – Daily Telegraph obituary
  • Photo LIFE annal Bernadotte Palestine August 1948
  • Paper clippings about Folke Bernadotte in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

reidtheract.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folke_Bernadotte

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